Compare and contrast substitution and transposition ciphers in terms of how they manipulate plaintext to create ciphertext

Classical cryptography includes a variety of cipher techniques, such as substitution ciphers, transposition ciphers, and the Vigenère cipher, each of which approaches encryption differently. Answer all of the following prompts:

Compare and contrast substitution and transposition ciphers in terms of how they manipulate plaintext to create ciphertext.
Explain how the Vigenère cipher builds upon basic substitution methods to improve security.
Consider the historical significance of the Enigma machine during World War II, and discuss how its encryption method combined both substitution and transposition principles. What lessons can modern cryptography learn from these classical ciphers in terms of their strengths and vulnerabilities?

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